CITES for seahorses - Country Resources
The following resources are country* specific. If you need more information please contact us at info@projectseahorse.org.
Australia | Brazil | Cambodia | China | European Union | India | Indonesia | Malaysia | Mexico | Philippines | Senegal | Singapore | Thailand | United Kingdom | United States of America | Viet Nam
*The geographical designations employed in this website do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The responsibility for the contents of the documents rests exclusively with the authors.
Australia
Species
Harasti, D. 2016. Southwards range extension of the great seahorse (Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan & Snyder, 1901) in Australia. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 33:1018-1020.
Harasti, D. 2015. Range extension and the first occurrence of the thorny seahorse Hippocampus histrix in New South Wales, Australia. Marine Biodiversity Records 8:1-3.
Foster, R., Bridge, T.C.L. and P. Bongaerts. 2012. The first record of Hippocampus denise (Syngnathidae) from Australia. aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology 18(1):55-57.
Kuiter, R.H. 2003. A new pygmy seahorse (Pisces: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) from Lord Howe Island. Records of the Australian Museum 55:113-116.
Life History/Ecology
Manning, C.G., S.J. Foster and A.C.J. Vincent. 2019. A review of the diets and feeding behaviours of a family of biologically diverse marine fishes (Family Syngnathidae). Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-019-09549-z
Manning, C., Foster, S., Harasti, D and A.C.J. Vincent. 2018. A holistic investigation of the ecological correlates of abundance and body size for the endangered White’s seahorse Hippocampus whitei. Journal of Fish Biology 93:649-663.
Harasti, D. 2014. The biology, ecology and conservation of White’s Seahorse Hippocampus whitei. (PhD thesis) University of Technology, Sydney Australia.
Harasti, D., Martin-Smith, K. and W. Gladstone. 2014. Ontogenetic and sex-based differences in habitat preferences and site fidelity of White’s seahorse Hippocampus whitei. Journal of Fish Biology 85:1413-1428.
Harasti, D., Martin-Smith, K. and W. Gladstone. 2012. Population dynamics and life history of a geographically restricted seahorse, Hippocampus whitei. Journal of Fish Biology 81:1297-1314.
Fisheries/Trade
Martin-Smith, K.M. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2011. Syngnathid trade in Australia. p.138-165. In: Vincent, A.C.J., Giles, B.G., Czembor, C.A. and Foster, S.J. (eds.). Trade in seahorses and other syngnathids in countries outside Asia (1998-2001). Fisheries Centre Research Reports 19(1). Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. [ISSN 1198-6727].
Martin-Smith, K.M. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2006. Exploitation and trade of Australian seahorses, pipehorses, sea dragons and pipefishes (Family Syngnathidae). Oryx 40(2):141-151.
Martin-Smith, K.M. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2005. Seahorse declines in the Derwent estuary, Tasmania in the absence of fishing pressure. Biological Conservation 123(4):533-545.
Management/Conservation
Harasti, D. 2016. Declining seahorse populations linked to loss of essential marine habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series 546:173-181.
Harasti, D., Martin-Smith, K. and W. Gladstone. 2014. Does a no-take marine protected area benefit seahorses? PLoS ONE 9(8).
Hellyer, C., Harasti, D. and A. Poore. 2011. Manipulating artificial habitats to benefit seahorses in Sydney Harbour, Australia. Aquatic Conservation: marine and freshwater ecosystems 21(6):582-589.
Harasti, D. Glasby, T. and K. Martin-Smith. 2010. Striking a balance between retaining populations of protected seahorses and maintaining swimming nets. Aquatic Conservation: marine and freshwater ecosystems 20(2):159-166.
Shokri, M.R., Gladstone, W. and J. Jelbert. 2009. The effectiveness of seahorses and pipefish (Pisces: Syngnathidae) as a flagship group to evaluate the conservation value of estuarine seagrass beds. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19:588-595.
Brazil
Species
ID Guide for Seahorses of the Americas (available in English and Spanish)
Silveira, R.B., Siccha_Ramirez, R., Silva, J.R.S. and C. Oliveira. 2014. Morphological and molecular evidence for the occurrence of three Hippocampus species (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) in Brazil. Zootaxa 3861(4):317-332.
Life History/Ecology
Freret-Meurer, N., Fernández, T., Okada, N. and A. Vaccani. 2018. Population dynamics of the endangered seahorse Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg, 1933 in a tropical rocky reef habitat. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 41(2):345-356.
Aylesworth, L.A., Xavier, J.H., Oliveira, T.P.R., Tenorio, G.D. and I.L. Rosa. 2015. Regional-scale patterns of habitat preference for the seahorse Hippocampus reidi in the tropical estuarine environment. Aquatic Ecology 49:499-512.
Dias, T.L. P. and I.L. Rosa. 2003. Habitat preferences of a seahorse species, Hippocampus reidi (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) in Brazil. aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology 6(4):165-176.
Fisheries/Trade
Gurjão, L.M. and T.M.C. Lotufo. 2018. Native species exploited by marine aquarium trade in Brazil. Biota Neotropica 18(3).
Silveira, R.B., Barcelos, B.T., Machadom R., Oliveira, L. and J.R. Santos-Silva. 2018. Records of bycatch of Hippocampus patagonicus (Pisces: Syngnathidae) in commercial fishing in southern Brazil. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 46(4):744-755.
Baum, J.K. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2011. Seahorse trade in South America. p. 102-128. In: Vincent, A.C.J., Giles, B.G., Czembor, C.A. and Foster, S.J. (eds.). Trade in seahorses and other syngnathids in countries outside Asia (1998-2001). Fisheries Centre Research Reports 19(1). Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia [ISSN 1198-6727].
Rosa, I.L., Oliveira, T.P.R., Osorio, F.M., Moraes, L.E., Castro, A.L.C., Barros, G.M.L. and R.R.N. Alves. 2011. Fisheries and trade of seahorses in Brazil: historical perspective, current trends, and future directions. Biodiversity Conservation 20:1951-1971.
Rosa, I.L., Sampaio, C.L.S. and A.T. Barros. 2006. Collaborative monitoring of the ornamental trade of seahorses and pipefishes (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) in Brazil: Bahia State as a case study. Neotropical Ichthyology 4(2):247-252.
Baum, J.K. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2005. Magnitude and inferred impacts of the seahorse trade in Latin America. Environmental Conservation 32(4):305-319.
Rosa, I.M., Teixeira Barros, A., Xavier, J. and C. Cortex. 2005. Population data on seahorses Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg, 1933 Teleostei; Syngnathidae caught for aquarium trade in Northeast Brazil. Boletim Tecnico Cientifico do CEPENE 131:25-38.
Management/Conservation
Rosa, I.M.L., Alves, R.R.N., Bonifácio, K.M., Mourão, J.S., Osório, F.M., Oliveira, T.P.R. and M.C. Nottingham. 2005. Fishers’ knowledge and seahorse conservation in Brazil. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 1(12):1-12.
Cambodia
Species
Simplified ID guide for Southeast Asian Seahorses. (Available in Bahasa Indonesian, English, Khmer, Simplified Chinese, Thai and Vietnamese)
ID Guide for Large Seahorses in Southeast Asia. (Available in English, Malay, Simplified Chinese and Thai)
LIFE HISTORY/ECOLOGY
Zhang, X. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2018. Predicting distributions, habitat preference and associated conservation implications for a genus of rare fishes, seahorses (Hippocampus spp). Diversity and Distributions 24(7):1005-1017.
Aylesworth, L., Lawson, J. M., Laksanawimol, P., Ferber, P., & Loh, T. L. 2016. New records of the Japanese seahorse Hippocampus mohnikei in Southeast Asia lead to updates in range, habitat and threats. Journal of Fish Biology,88(4), 1620-1630.
FISHERIES/TRADE
Foster, S.J., Kuo,T-C., Wan, A.K.Y. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2019. Global seahorse trade defies export bans under CITES action and national legislation. Marine Policy 103: 33-41.
Kuo, T.-C. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2018. Assessing the changes in international trade of marine fishes under CITES regulation. Marine Policy 88:48-57.
Lam, J.T.L., Koldewey, H.J., Yasue, M. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2014. Comparing interview and trade data in assessing changes in the seahorse Hippocampus spp. trade following CITES listing. Oryx 50(1):36-46.
MANAGEMENT/CONSERVATION
Zhang, X. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2018. Predicting distributions, habitat preference and associated conservation implications for a genus of rare fishes, seahorses (Hippocampus spp). Diversity and Distributions 24(7):1005-1017.
Foster, S. & Vincent, A. C. J. 2004. Life history and ecology of seahorses: implications for conservation and management. Journal of Fish Biology 65,1–61.
China
(including mainland China, Hong Kong SAR and Taiwan Province of China)
Species
Simplified ID guide for Southeast Asian Seahorses. (Available in Bahasa Indonesian, English, Khmer, Simplified Chinese, Thai and Vietnamese)
ID Guide for Large Seahorses in Southeast Asia. (Available in English, Malay, Simplified Chinese and Thai)
Zhang, Y.H., Qin, G., Wang, X. and Q. Lin. 2016. A new species of seahorse (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) from the South China Sea. Zootaxa 4170(2):384-392.
Life History/Ecology
Zhang, X. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2018. Predicting distributions, habitat preference and associated conservation implications for a genus of rare fishes, seahorses (Hippocampus spp). Diversity and Distributions 24(7):1005-1017.
Fisheries/Trade
Xiong, Z. 2023. Mainland China. In Foster, S.J. (Editor). Implementation of CITES Appendix II listing for seahorses in the context of export bans and suspensions. (pp. 188-227). Fisheries Centre Research Report 31(3), 306pp.
Wan, A.K.Y. 2023. China - Hong Kong SAR of China. In Foster, S.J. (Editor). Implementation of CITES Appendix II listing for seahorses in the context of export bans and suspensions. (pp. 228-259). Fisheries Centre Research Report 31(3), 306pp.
2023. China - Taiwan Province of China. In Foster, S.J. (Editor). Implementation of CITES Appendix II listing for seahorses in the context of export bans and suspensions. (pp. 260-275). Fisheries Centre Research Report 31(3), 306pp.
Foster, S.J. , Kuo,T-C., Wan, A.K.Y. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2019. Global seahorse trade defies export bans under CITES action and national legislation. Marine Policy 103: 33-41.
Hou, F., Wen, L., Peng, C. and J. Guo. 2018. Identification of marine traditional Chinese medicine dried seahorses in the traditional Chinese medicine market using DNA barcoding. Mitochondrial DNA Part A 29(1): 107-112.
Kuo, T.-C. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2018. Assessing the changes in international trade of marine fishes under CITES regulation. Marine Policy 88:48-57.
Lam, J.T.L., Koldewey, H.J., Yasue, M. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2014. Comparing interview and trade data in assessing changes in the seahorse Hippocampus spp. trade following CITES listing. Oryx 50(1):36-46.
Management/Conservation
Zhang, X. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2018. Predicting distributions, habitat preference and associated conservation implications for a genus of rare fishes, seahorses (Hippocampus spp). Diversity and Distributions 24(7):1005-1017.
Zhang, X. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2017. Integrating multiple datasets with species distribution models to inform conservation of poorly-recorded Chinese seahorses. Biological Conservation 211:161-171.
European Union
Species
Fisheries and trade
Foster, S.J., Justason, T., Magera, A.M. & A.C.J. Vincent. 2021. Changes in the international trade in live seahorses (Hippocampus spp.) after their listing on CITES Appendix II. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 29(4) 115pp. (See SC 74.Doc. 70.1 Annex I for a summary of the report).
India
Species
Simplified ID guide for Southeast Asian Seahorses. (Available in Bahasa Indonesian, English, Khmer, Simplified Chinese, Thai and Vietnamese)
ID Guide for Large Seahorses in Southeast Asia. (Available in English, Malay, Simplified Chinese and Thai)
Fisheries and trade
Vaidyanathan, T., Foster, S.J., Ramkumar, B., and A.C.J. Vincent. 2024. A practical approach to meeting national obligations for sustainable trade under CITES. Conservation Biology, https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.14337
Vaidyanathan, T. 2023. India. In Foster, S.J. (Editor). Implementation of CITES Appendix II listing for seahorses in the context of export bans and suspensions. (pp. 68-96). Fisheries Centre Research Report 31(3), 306pp.
Indonesia
Species
Simplified ID guide for Southeast Asian Seahorses. (Available in Bahasa Indonesian, English, Khmer, Simplified Chinese, Thai and Vietnamese)
ID Guide for Large Seahorses in Southeast Asia. (Available in English, Malay, Simplified Chinese and Thai)
Fisheries and trade
Herdiana, Y. 2023. Indonesia. In Foster, S.J. (Editor). Implementation of CITES Appendix II listing for seahorses in the context of export bans and suspensions.(pp. 97-114). Fisheries Centre Research Report 31(3), 306pp.
Malaysia
Species
Simplified ID guide for Southeast Asian Seahorses. (Available in Bahasa Indonesian, English, Khmer, Simplified Chinese, Thai and Vietnamese)
ID Guide for Large Seahorses in Southeast Asia. (Available in English, Malay, Simplified Chinese and Thai)
Life History/Ecology
Lawson, J.M., Foster, S.J., Lim, A.C.O., Chong, V.C. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2015. Novel life-history data for threatened seahorses provides insight into fishery effects. Journal of Fish Biology 86:1-15.
Choo, C.K. and H.C. Liew. 2004. A record of seahorse species (Family Syngnathidae) in East Malaysia, with notes on their conservation. Malayan Nature Journal 56(4):409-420.
Choo, C.K. and H.C. Liew. 2003. Spatial distribution, substrate assemblages and size composition of seahorse (Family Syngnathidae) in the coastal waters of Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Marine Biology Association UK 83:271-276.
Fisheries/Trade
Lim, A. 2023. Malaysia. In Foster, S.J. (Editor). Implementation of CITES Appendix II listing for seahorses in the context of export bans and suspensions. (pp. 115-143). Fisheries Centre Research Report 31(3), 306pp.
Perry, A. L., Lunn, K.E. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2010. Fisheries, large-scale trade, and conservation of seahorses in Malaysia and Thailand. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:464-475.
Lawson, J. 2014. Rare seahorses have big implications for small fishes in bycatch. (Masters dissertation) The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Choo, C.K. and H.C. Liew. 2005. Exploitation and trade in seahorses in Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 57(1):57-66.
Management/Conservation
Lim, A., Chong, V., Wong, C. and C.K. Choo. 2011. Diversity, habitats and conservation threats of syngnathids (Syngnathidae) fishes in Malaysia. Tropical Zoology 24(2):193-222.
Perry, A.L., Lunn, K.E. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2010. Fisheries, large-scale trade, and conservation of seahorses in Malaysia and Thailand. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:464-475.
Mexico
Species
ID Guide for Seahorses of the Americas (available in English and Spanish)
Becerril-Garcia, E.E., Petatan-Ramirez, D., Ortiz-Aguirre, I. and A. Ayala-Bocos. 2018. First record of the Pacific seahorse Hippocampus ingens in Guadalupe Island, Mexico. Journal of Fish Biology 92(4):1207-1210.
Fisheries/Trade
Baum, J.K. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2011. Seahorse trade in Mexico In: Vincent, A.C.J., Giles, B.G., Czembor, C.A. and S.J. Foster. (eds). Trade in seahorses and other syngnathids in countries outside Asia (1998-2001). Fisheries Centre Research Reports 19(1). Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia. [ISSN 1198-6727]
Foster, S.J. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2010. Tropical shrimp trawl fisheries: Fishers’ knowledge of and attitude about a doomed fishery. Marine Policy 34:437-446.
Baum, J.K. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2005. Magnitude and inferred impacts of the seahorse trade in Latin America. Environmental Conservation 32(4):305-319.
Baum, J.K., Meeuwig, J.J. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2003. Bycatch of lined seahorses (Hippocampus erectus) in a Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawl fishery. Fishery Bulletin 101(4):721-731.
Philippines
Species
Simplified ID guide for Southeast Asian Seahorses. (Available in Bahasa Indonesian, English, Khmer, Simplified Chinese, Thai and Vietnamese)
ID Guide for Large Seahorses in Southeast Asia. (Available in English, Malay, Simplified Chinese and Thai)
Life history and ecology
Apale, C.M. and S. Foster. 2016. The life history and ecology of seahorses in the Philippines. Project Seahorse and ZSL-Philippines. 56 pp.
Marcus, J.E., Samoilys, M.A., Meeuwig, J.J., Vollongco, Z.A.D. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2007. Benthic status of near-shore fishing grounds in the central Philippines and associated seahorse densities. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:1483-1494.
Lourie, S.A., Green, M., and A.C.J. Vincent. 2005. Dispersal, habitat differences, and comparative phylogeography of Southeast Asian seahorses. (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus). Molecular Ecology 14:1073-1094.
Perante, N.C., Pajaro, M.G., Meeuwig, J.J. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2002. Biology of a seahorse species, Hippocampus comes in the central Philippines. Journal of Fish Biology 60:821-837.
Perante, N.C. and M.G. Pajaro. 1998. Demographics of the seahorse Hippocampus comes in the central Philippines. p.439-448. In: Morton, B. (eds.). The Marine Biology of the South China Sea. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.
Fisheries and trade
Apale, C. 2023. The Philippines. In Foster, S.J. (Editor). Implementation of CITES Appendix II listing for seahorses in the context of export bans and suspensions. (pp. 144-158). Fisheries Centre Research Report 31(3), 306pp.
Foster, S.J., Stanton, L.M., Nellas, A.C., Arias, M.M. and Vincent, A.C.J. 2019. The catch and trade of seahorses in the Philippines post-CITES. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 27(2): 45pp.
Foster, S.J. and C.M. Apale. 2016. Exploitation, trade, conservation and management of seahorses in the Philippines. Project Seahorse and ZSL-Philippines. 40pp.
Pajaro, M.G. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2015. The catch and Export of the seahorse trade in the Philippines, pre-CITES. The University of British Columbia Fisheries Centre Working Paper Series 2015-102.
Yasue, M., Nellas, A., Panes, H. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2015. Monitoring landed seahorse catch in a changing policy environment. Endangered Species Research 27:95-111.
O’Donnell, K. P., Molloy, P.P., and A.C.J. Vincent. 2012. Comparing fisher interviews, logbooks, and catch landings estimates of extraction rates in a small-scale fishery. Coastal Management 40:594–611.
Meeuwig, J., Samoilys, M., Erediano, J. and H. Koldewey. 2007. Fishers’ perceptions of the seahorse fishery in the central Philippines: interactive approaches and an evaluation of results. IN: Haggan, N., Neis, B. & I.G. Baird (Eds.) Fishers' knowledge in fisheries science and management.Fishers’ knowledge in fisheries science and management. UNESCO, France. 388pp.
Vincent, A.C.J., Meeuwig, J.J., Pajaro, M.G. and N.C. Perante. 2007. Characterizing a small-scale, data-poor, artisanal fishery: Seahorses in the central Philippines. Fisheries Research 86:207-215.
Grey, M., Blais, A. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2005. Magnitude and trends of marine fish curio imports to the USA. Oryx 39(4):413-420.
Management and conservation
Foster, S.J. and C.M. Apale. 2016. Exploitation, trade, conservation and management of seahorses in the Philippines. Project Seahorse and ZSL-Philippines. 40pp.
Foster, S.J. and C.M. Apale. 2016. Report on the consultation forum in support of the Philippines eventual implementation of CITES for seahorses and other aquatic species. March 1-3, 2016. St. Mark Hotel, Queens Road, Redemptorist Plaza, Camputhaw, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu.
Vincent, A.C.J., Foster, S. J. & H.J. Koldewey. 2011 Conservation and management of seahorses and other Syngnathidae. Journal of Fish Biology 78(6):1681-1724
O’Donnell, K.P., Pajaro, M.G. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2010. How does the accuracy of fisher knowledge affect seahorse conservation status? Animal Conservation 13:526-533.
Martin-Smith, K.M., Samoilys, M.A., Meeuwig, J.J. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2004. Collaborative development of management options for an artisanal fishery for seahorses in the central Philippines. Ocean & Coastal Management 47:165-193.
Senegal
Species
Life history and ecology
Cisneros-Montemayor, A.M, K. West, I.S. Boiro and A.C.J. Vincent. 2015. An assessment of West African seahorses in fisheries catch and trade. Journal of Fish Biology 88(2): 751-759.
Fisheries and trade
West, K. 2012. Investigations into the Senegalese trade in CITES-listed seahorses, Hippocampus algiricus. (Master’s dissertation) Imperial College London, UK.
McPherson, J.M. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2011. Trade in seahorses and other syngnathids in Africa. p.7-38. In: Vincent, A.C.J., Giles, B.G., Czembor, C.A. and Foster, S.J. (eds.). Trade in seahorses and other syngnathids in countries outside Asia (1998-2001). Fisheries Centre Research Reports 19(1). Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia [ISSN 1198-6727].
Singapore
Species
Simplified ID guide for Southeast Asian Seahorses. (Available in Bahasa Indonesian, English, Khmer, Simplified Chinese, Thai and Vietnamese)
ID Guide for Large Seahorses in Southeast Asia. (Available in English, Malay, Simplified Chinese and Thai)
Fisheries and trade
Choi, C. and Neo, M.L. 2023. Singapore. In Foster, S.J. (Editor). Implementation of CITES Appendix II listing for seahorses in the context of export bans and suspensions. (pp. 275-299). Fisheries Centre Research Report 31(3), 306pp.
Thailand
Species
Simplified ID guide for Southeast Asian Seahorses. (Available in Bahasa Indonesian, English, Khmer, Simplified Chinese, Thai and Vietnamese)
ID Guide for Large Seahorses in Southeast Asia. (Available in English, Malay, Simplified Chinese and Thai)
Fisheries/Trade
Manopawitr, P. 2023. Thailand. In Foster, S.J. (Editor). Implementation of CITES Appendix II listing for seahorses in the context of export bans and suspensions. (pp. 159-187). Fisheries Centre Research Report 31(3), 306pp.
Aylesworth, L., & T-C. Kuo. 2018. Reporting time period matters: quantifying catch rates and exploring recall bias from fisher interviews in Thailand. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences.
Kuo, T.-C., Laksanawimol, P., Aylesworth, L., Foster, S.J. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2018. Changes in the trade of bycatch species corresponding to CITES regulations: the case of dried seahorse trade in Thailand. Biodiversity and Conservation 27(13):3447-3468.
Aylesworth, L., Phoonsawat, R. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2017. Effects of indiscriminate fisheries on a group of small data-poor species in Thailand. ICES Journal of Marine Science 75(2):642-652.
Loh, T.-S., Tewfik, A., Aylesworth, L. and R. Phoonsawat. 2016. Species in the wildlife trade: socio-economic factors influence seahorse relative abundance in Thailand. Biological Conservation 201:301-308.
Laksanawimol, P., Petpiroon, S. and P. Damrongphol. 2013. Trade of seahorses, Hippocampus spp. (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae), on the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 43(3):229-235.
Perry, A. L., Lunn, K.E. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2010. Fisheries, large-scale trade, and conservation of seahorses in Malaysia and Thailand. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:464-475.
Management/Conservation
Aylesworth, L., Loh, T.-L., Rongrongmuang, W. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2016. Seahorse (Hippocampus spp.) as a case study for locating cryptic and data-poor marine fishes for conservation. Animal Conservation 20:444-454.
United Kingdom
Species
Fisheries and trade
Foster, S.J., Justason, T., Magera, A.M. & A.C.J. Vincent. 2021. Changes in the international trade in live seahorses (Hippocampus spp.) after their listing on CITES Appendix II. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 29(4) 115pp. (See SC 74.Doc. 70.1 Annex I for a summary of the report).
United States of America
Species
Fisheries and trade
Foster, S.J., Justason, T., Magera, A.M. & A.C.J. Vincent. 2021. Changes in the international trade in live seahorses (Hippocampus spp.) after their listing on CITES Appendix II. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 29(4),115pp. (See SC 74.Doc. 70.1 Annex I for a summary of the report).
Viet Nam
Species
Simplified ID guide for Southeast Asian Seahorses. (Available in Bahasa Indonesian, English, Khmer, Simplified Chinese, Thai and Vietnamese)
ID Guide for Large Seahorses in Southeast Asia. (Available in English, Malay, Simplified Chinese and Thai)
Lourie, S., Pritchard, J.C., Casey, S.A., Ky, T.S., Hall, H.J. and A.C.J. Vincent. 1999. The taxonomy of Viet Nam's exploited seahorses (family Syngnathidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 66(2):231-256.
Fisheries and trade
Nguyen Manh Ha. 2023. Viet Nam. In Foster, S.J. (Editor). Implementation of CITES Appendix II listing for seahorses in the context of export bans and suspensions. (pp. 188-209). Fisheries Centre Research Report 31(3), 306pp.
Stocks, A.P., Foster, S.J., Bat, N.K., Ha, N.M. & A.C.J. Vincent. 2019. Local fishers’ knowledge of target and incidental seahorse catch in southern Vietnam. Human Ecology, 1-12.
Foster, S.J., Aylesworth, L., Do, H.H., Bat, N.K., and A.C.J Vincent. 2017. Seahorse exploitation and trade in Viet Nam. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 25(2): 50pp.
Stocks, A. Foster, S.J., Bat, N.K. and A.C.J. Vincent. 2017. Catch as catch can: targeted and indiscriminate small-scale fishing of seahorses in Viet Nam. Fisheries Research 196:27-33.
Stocks, A.P. 2015. Diversification and depletion in Vietnamese seahorse fisheries. Masters Dissertation. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Meeuwig, J.J., Ky, T.S., Job, S.D. & A.C.J Vincent. 2006. Quantifying non-target seahorse fisheries in central Viet Nam. Fisheries Research 81(2):149-157.
Giles, B.G., Ky, T.S., & A.C.J Vincent. 2005. The catch and trade of seahorses in Viet Nam. Biodiversity & Conservation 15(8):2497-2513.
Management and conservation
Project Seahorse. 2017. Report: Implementing CITES for seahorses in Viet Nam – A consultative meeting. Project Seahorse, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 6pp.
Project Seahorse. 2015. Report to Viet Nam’s CITES Authorities on joint activities in support of implementing CITES for seahorses. Project Seahorse, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 6pp.
Annex A: Agreed plan of action following “Building Viet Nam’s capacity to under-take Non-Detriment Findings for seahorses”, May 29-31, 2013
Annex B: Investigating seahorse populations and building capacity for seahorse monitoring in Viet Nam, Feb-Apr 2014
Annex C: Seahorse Biology and Fisheries in Phu Quoc Island, Viet Nam. Field Research Report
Annex D: Seahorse Research in Viet Nam’s Aquaculture Facilities
Banner image of Spotted seahorse (H. kuda) by Bruno van Saen / Guylian Seahorses of the World
[Updated 7 Dec 2023]